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The metric is measured on a scale from 0.0 to 1.0. Spotify uses the word “valence” to measure whether a song is likely to make someone feel happy (higher valence) or sad (lower valence). I wanted to see how valence may have changed over time in Drake's music and how similar it is with lyrical sentiment. When a song fits a certain amount of criteria based on user feedback, a new song will appear on a customer's "discover weekly" playlist.įor this study, I chose to examine the "valence" in each of Drake's songs as a representation of sentiment. Categories include: danceability, energy, key, valence, acousticness, instrumentalness, liveness and tempo. The company does this by classifying songs into different categories. One of Spotify's most effective tools is its ability to recommend songs to its users based on previous choices. In the past decade, Spotify has grown into the premiere online destination for streaming music. A song like "Portland" on More Life has a sentiment rate of -0.5 because of all of the profanity, but a human would most likely not think it has a negative connotation. It is important to note that the Bing lexicon can’t pick up on negation or irony. Views is Drake's only album where half of the songs are neutral or positive. Take Care and Nothing Was The Same are infamously melancholy albums, but I did not expect that none of his albums would have a majority of tracks with positive lyrical sentiment. I was surprised to find that most of Drake's lyrics have a negative sentiment attributed to them. Songs closer to -1 in sentiment are seen as more negative and songs closer to 1 are perceived as more positive. I plotted the results for each song separated by album below. I normalized the number by dividing it by the total number of Bing lexicon words present in the song. I joined the lyrics with the Bing lexicon, a list of words which are deemed by humans as either positive or negative, and subtracted the negative words from the positive ones to get a general measure of lyrical sentiment. In order to extract the lyrics from all of Drake's individual albums, I scraped his tracklists from the Genius API. Did his lyrics become more positive or more negative as he became more successful? How does sentiment compare to Drake's record sales? How common is profanity in his music as his career progresses? I think that his music overall will prove to be more positive now than when he dropped his first album in 2008. He is one of the few rappers that has been able to bridge the gap between underground hype and mainstream commercial success.įor this project, I wanted to examine Drake's lyrical and musical evolution throughout the years. He is currently ranked number one on Spotify's monthly listeners list and his latest album, "More Life", reached number one on the Billboard top 200 with ease. Aubrey Graham, aka Drake, is arguably one of the greatest rappers of all time.